History and Evolution of the Bystander Effect
α΄΅βΏ α΅αΆ¦α΅α΅Λ’ α΅αΆ αΆΛ‘αΆ¦α΅α΅α΅α΅ α΅α΅α΅Κ³α΅α΅βΏαΆΚΈ https://climateclock.world/ The bystander effect , also known as bystander apathy , refers to the social psychological phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help a victim when others are present. π§ Origins (1964): The Kitty Genovese Case The concept emerged after the 1964 murder of Kitty Genovese in New York City. Media reports claimed that 38 people witnessed the attack without intervening. Although this number was later disputed, the case shocked the public and inspired psychologists John Darley and Bibb LatanΓ© to investigate further. π§ͺ 1960s–70s: Classic Experiments Darley and LatanΓ©’s experiments showed that individuals are less likely to help when they think others are also aware of the emergency. Key concepts developed include: Diffusion of responsibility : Each person feels less personal responsibility. Pluralistic ignorance : Assuming nothing is wrong because others are passive. Evaluation apprehen...